( cross-posted @ Carnival of Anarchy )
The key here is state subsidization. That would eliminate any examination of Stephen King stories or Grateful Dead anthologies.
The usual big playas (big business & the state) are making a mess of this world. These partners-in-crime, stubbornly focused on institutional preservation and short-term gain, can not be counted on to address problems of their own making. Some problems seem destined to remain and intensify as long as such institutions continue to wield significant power and enjoy the faith of people blind enough to accept the continued institutionalization of life.
While myriad problems stem from increasingly centralized industrial agriculture, a food production model catered to and made possible by state intervention, the creation of dead zones seems pretty much off the radar. This needs to change, especially as the powers-that-be push the biofuel alternative to fossil fuels.
As topsoil disappears, solutions must be made allowing people to adapt to changing environments. The rigidity and inefficiency of institutions given responsibility over important matters such as food production have led to counterproductive and catastrophic measures being taken to address problems. In the case of topsoil, here’s a glimpse of what the “solution” was, courtesy of Richard Manning and his 2006 essay “The Oil We Eat”:
The common assumption these days is that we muster our weapons to secure oil, not food. There’s a little joke in this. Ever since we ran out of arable land, food is oil. Every single calorie we eat is backed by at least a calorie of oil, more like ten. In 1940 the average farm in the United States produced 2.3 calories of food energy for every calorie of fossil energy it used. By 1974 (the last year in which anyone looked closely at this issue), that ratio was 1:1. And this understates the problem, because at the same time that there is more oil in our food there is less oil in our oil. A couple of generations ago we spent a lot less energy drilling, pumping, and distributing than we do now. In the 1940s we got about 100 barrels of oil back for every barrel of oil we spent getting it. Today each barrel invested in the process returns only ten, a calculation that no doubt fails to include the fuel burned by the Hummers and Blackhawks we use to maintain access to the oil in Iraq.
That’s right - American tax dollars are being used to wreck havoc in the middle east to, among other things, gain control over oil resources that’ll be used to produce the fertilizers that the grossly inefficient and destructive industrial farms need to survive. Oh, and these farms are propped up by subsidies as well. Double whammy!
The relation of all this to dead zones? Simple. Those subsidized farms using those fertilizers subsidized by both taxes and blood are creating the runoff situation responsible for a growing dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico. Here’s a summary of the situation, otherwise known as eutrophication. Here’s a link to Hypoxia, a site devoted to following this issue, complete with numerous links to recent news reports. Here’s a link to the study done by Environmental Working Group on the subject.
I mentioned biofuels earlier, and for good reason. Expect a greater investment toward them, especially corn-based ethanol, in the near future with politicians and firms like Archer Daniels Midland running the show and reaping the harvest of wealth and control. Even a cursory glance at Alice Friedemann’s essay on the subject of biofuels and “peak soil” reveals much to be concerned with, ranging from further eutrophication to (cue alarm bells) civilizational collapse. From “Peak Soil: Why cellulosic ethanol, biofuels are unsustainable and a threat to America”, here’s the “dirt on dirt”:
Ethanol is an agribusiness get-rich-quick scheme that will bankrupt our topsoil.
Nineteenth century western farmers converted their corn into whiskey to make a profit (Rorabaugh 1979). Archer Daniels Midland, a large grain processor, came up with the same scheme in the 20th century. But ethanol was a product in search of a market, so ADM spent three decades relentlessly lobbying for ethanol to be used in gasoline. Today ADM makes record profits from ethanol sales and government subsidies (Barrionuevo 2006).
The Department of Energy hopes to have biomass supply 5% of the nation’s power, 20% of transportation fuels, and 25% of chemicals by 2030. These combined goals are 30% of the current petroleum consumption (DOE Biomass Plan, DOE Feedstock Roadmap).
Fuels made from biomass are a lot like the nuclear powered airplanes the Air Force tried to build from 1946 to 1961, for billions of dollars. They never got off the ground. The idea was interesting — atomic jets could fly for months without refueling. But the lead shielding to protect the crew and several months of food and water was too heavy for the plane to take off. The weight problem, the ease of shooting this behemoth down, and the consequences of a crash landing were so obvious, it’s amazing the project was ever funded, let alone kept going for 15 years.
Biomass fuels have equally obvious and predictable reasons for failure. Odum says that time explains why renewable energy provides such low energy yields compared to non-renewable fossil fuels. The more work left to nature, the higher the energy yield, but the longer the time required. Although coal and oil took millions of years to form into dense, concentrated solar power, all we had to do was extract and transport them (Odum 1996)
With every step required to transform a fuel into energy, there is less and less energy yield. For example, to make ethanol from corn grain, which is how all U.S. ethanol is made now, corn is first grown to develop hybrid seeds, which next season are planted, harvested, delivered, stored, and preprocessed to remove dirt. Dry-mill ethanol is milled, liquefied, heated, saccharified, fermented, evaporated, centrifuged, distilled, scrubbed, dried, stored, and transported to customers (McAloon 2000).
Fertile soil will be destroyed if crops and other “wastes” are removed to make cellulosic ethanol.
“We stand, in most places on earth, only six inches from desolation, for that is the thickness of the topsoil layer upon which the entire life of the planet depends” (Sampson 1981).
Loss of topsoil has been a major factor in the fall of civilizations (Sundquist 2005 Chapter 3, Lowdermilk 1953, Perlin 1991, Ponting 1993). You end up with a country like Iraq, formerly Mesopotamia, where 75% of the farm land became a salty desert.
Fuels from biomass are not sustainable, are ecologically destructive, have a net energy loss, and there isn’t enough biomass in America to make significant amounts of energy because essential inputs like water, land, fossil fuels, and phosphate ores are limited.
That’s just the beginning. It’s a long and detailed essay that provides plenty of food for thought. Dead zones at sea are bad enough, but further greasing of the petroculture wheel by the state appears primed to accelerate many more problems.
Lawrence J. Goldstein, a board member at the Energy Policy Research Foundation, was quoted in the Friedemann essay as saying “Once we have a corn-based technology up and running the political system will protect it,”. Of course it will.
Continued reliance on institutional answers to problems seems to be the sure path to creating a nightmare that would make Stephen King soil himself. Anarchists and other activists looking to wake people up and focus the eyes of the world upon the nakedness of so-called leaders promising answers are planting seeds of resistance sprouting an alternative path, one based on decentralization and sustainability.
Eutrophic dead zones are among the externalities of a system deadlocked into a paradigm promoting death in so many other ways. Promoting alternatives to the system provides a way to help institute a much needed shift towards institutional die-off. Better agribusiness and the state than the water and soil that keeps us from dying off.